Avro Arrow essays

Avro Arrow papers The Avro Arrow was perhaps the best thing that occurred in Canadian history, however it was not permitted to achieve its strategic. The Arrows job was to supplant the CF-100 Canucks as a supersonic which would block in any climate. The explanation that the Avro Arrow didn't proceed with its improvement was that it was excessively exorbitant, there were no outside ventures, and was ineffectively planned. The Avro Arrow was excessively expensive. In spite of the fact that it was a costly program, the organization realized that there objective was attainable even in the military. The dropping of this program was additionally a pricey choice. It was evaluated that the wiping out expenses the administration needed to pay Avro, advancement could have been finished. The program was certainly disturbed on account of the four new frameworks. Avro was going to assemble the Arrows airframe, the Orenda motor, the Sparrow rocket, and the Astra fire control framework. At last, the expensive rocket and fire control framework was surrendered, which caused the drop in the airplanes cost, however it was past the point of no return for the Avro organization to sell the airplane at a high rate. The significant thing was that the Avro Arrow was worked without a model; it had been built such that made early improvement increasingly costly, however the accompanying creations were less expensive. The parts for the principal model were tooled on the mechanical production system and were built utilizing hardware rather than hand crafted parts. This should speed the Avro into creation. In the event that the administration had given the plane more opportunity to get outside deals, the expense per plane would have gone down radically. Its likewise essential to recall that cost was never given as an official explanation behind the crossing out of the plane. Another key factor was that the Arrow had no remote speculations. The facts demonstrate that America and British deals were not too far off. It was additionally evident that these nations barely purchased outside airplanes ... <!

henry the jew essays

henry the jew expositions Movies that depend on books when analyzed frequently have numerous likenesses and contrasts. The Beach coordinated by Danny Boyle and featuring Leonardo DiCaprio, Guillaume Canet, Robert Carlyle and Virginie Ledoyen. The class of this film is Adventure/Drama in light of the fact that of the extreme minutes in the film and on the grounds that the film is one major excursion to an island. I think this film is overpowering a direct result of the extraordinary subtleties. For example the beginning of the film when Richard portrays how voyaging ought to be done, I likewise love this film as a result of the exceptional The Beach is about a voyager named Richard (Leonardo DiCaprio) who sets off to Thailand looking for an experience. Tolerating each offer, he feels like nothing can remain in his way. At the point when he is lying in his bed that night he hears an unpalatable Scottish man named Daffy Duck (Robert Carlyle) who breaks into his room and informs Richard regarding a stunning sea shore. The following day he finds a guide to this scandalous sea shore; while going into Daffys space to express gratitude toward him he discovers him dead. Richard quickly tolerating the proposal of the guide proceeds to ask two other individuals to go along with him on his trek, Francoise(Virginie Ledoyen) and Etienne(Guillaume Canet) who additionally acknowledge the demand. While arriving they find a nitwit field run by Thai medication masters they figure out how to get away from just to locate a little town run by upbeat individuals. The town individuals without any problem acknowledged them as a piece of the gathering. A pioneer runs them named Sal(Tilda Swinton) and all is well until a progression of basic occasions occur; a shark assaults three town anglers, Richard starts to go crazy and the mystery of the sea shore starts to be presented to the world. This story happens in Thailand and all the more explicitly in the city of Koh Panhagen and in the isles of In like manner, to the book the film has a similar plot alongside a similar setting and a large portion of the ... <!

Conducting Effective Performance Appraisals Essay -- Management Employ

Leading Effective Performance Appraisals Execution examination is viewed as a key device for administrative necessities of today’s associations. Execution examination is the procedure by which associations assess work execution. Generally an exhibition examination framework requires an administrator to rate each employee’s execution as per execution criteria’s that have just been built up over some stretch of time. Execution evaluation frameworks likewise give a premise to arranging improvement just as means for deciding legitimacy builds, moves and even excusals. As indicated by Berkeley’s Policy and Procedures, the reason for execution evaluation is to have the option to quantify and improve individual and institutional execution, and thus to giving proficient and profession development, deciding legitimacy increments, and meeting the inward and outer requests for documentation of individual execution. Execution evaluations are proposed to empower open correspondence between the workers and the directors. Subsequently, it gives a comprehension of the employees’ work duties, the norms of execution of a director, and the advancement of a worker in their activity obligations. Execution evaluation are essential to representatives since some sort of input is required with the end goal for workers to know about how well they are playing out their activity or on the conversely, to be educated regarding the zones which they need improvement in. Criticism is one of the most significant components supporting elevated level of execution. Without execution evaluations or input, representatives have no chance to get of knowing whether they are working admirably or whether there are a few territories in which they have to improve (F... ...ine. Accessible: http://www.sasknetwork.gov.sk.ca/pages/tw/d121.htm. Bartley, Douglas L. Occupation Evaluation. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Perusing, Massachusetts 1995. Cohen, Steven and William Eimicke. The New Effective Public Manager. Jossey-Bass Publishers. San Francisco 1995. Fournies, Ferdinand F. â€Å"Employees Don’t Do What They Are Supposed To Do Because They Think They Are Doing It When They Really Aren’t.† Library Hall Press 1988. On the web. Accessible: http://www.gmp1st.com/mntp0798.htm. Heathfield, Susan M. â€Å"Performance Appraisals Don’t Work.† Human Resources (6/11/00). On the web. Accessible: http://humanresources.about.com/professions/humanresources/library/week after week/aa061100a.htm. Henemen, Robert L. Connecting Pay Increase to Performance Ratings. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Perusing, Massachusetts 1992.

Applying to UT Austin Heres What You Need to Know

Learn What it Takes to Be a Longhorn UT Austin is one of the most prestigious public universities in the country, so it’s no wonder that it’s a top choice for many high school seniors. From Division 1 sports teams to a destination-worthy location in the heart of Austin, there are several qualities that set this institution apart. Given UT Austin’s renowned name, many applicants may wonder what it takes to gain a seat in the class. Keep reading to learn more about this university and what applicants can do to set themselves up for success. The BasicsUT Austin is a public research university located in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is known as the flagship institution of the University of Texas system. The institution enrolls over 50,000 students full-time, including approximately 40,000 undergraduates. UT Austin’s campus spans more than 430 acres and includes over 150 buildings, with a specialized research center in north Austin. Recently, the institution debuted a state-of-the-art computer science hall and a center for new media. There are 18 different colleges and schools within the University, including a medical school, an engineering institution and a division for social work. Application 101First-time freshmen must submit an application online, either through the ApplyTexas system or through the Coalition App. Students can choose to submit their application before November 1 for priority consideration, which allows applicants to receive their decisions up to one month earlier than regular decisions, by February 1. All other applicants must complete the admissions process by December 1 and can expect admissions decisions by March 1. Students must submit one essay with their applications, as well as responses to three, short-answer questions. Applicants will also need to send in their high school transcripts, a $75 application fee, SAT or ACT scores and potentially major-specific items. Letters of recommendation are considered optional as are expanded resumes. The Admissions ProcessMost recently, the in-state acceptance rate for UT Austin was 48.5%, while the out-of-state admissions rate was 25.9%. The middle 50% SAT score for applicants was 1170-1410, while for ACT scores the range was 27-33. The institution received 50,576 applications and admitted 19,482 students, including 284 salutatorians. Like many other top-tier institutions, UT Austin’s admissions process is holistic, but prioritizes grades and standardized testing scores. Students should strive to receive SAT or ACT scores that fall within or above the middle 50% range of the previous year’s freshman class. Similarly, applicants should prioritize keeping their grades up while taking challenging classes, as course rigor is another important factor in admissions decisions. What it Takes to Stand OutUT Austin admissions is competitive and students need to do their due diligence in order to stand out. This includes researching the institution thoroughly, obtaining the best grades and test scores possible and writing compelling answers to the essay prompt and short-answer questions. Some students may recall that UT Austin was implicated in Operation Varsity Blues; the institution recently released a statement discussing the incident and the school’s response, which included terminating UT’s Men’s Tennis Coach and implementing new regulations surrounding the admissions process for student-athletes. All applicants, including athletic recruits, should focus on leading with their interests and passions and trust that they will gain admission to one or more of the institutions on their balanced college lists. Students who wish to apply to UT Austin should begin working on their application well in advance in order to compile a document that they are genuinely proud of. If you are in the midst of the college admissions process and need additional guidance, our team is here to help.

Female Characters in Hamlet - 4091 Words

Introduction Shakespearean tragedy is a story of one, or at most two persons. As a rule, they are male protagonists. But to say that Shakespeare’s female characters are shallow, undeveloped and used just as a decoration on the stage is very wrong. Women in Shakespeare’s tragedies have no leading role and they are, to paraphrase Northrop Frye,[1] not tragic heroines, but heroines in a tragedy. All female characters in Shakespeare’s tragedies have one thing in common – they end up dead. It is always an untimely, unnatural death. This rule (rather than coincidence) is a theme of many debates among philologists, critics, psychologists, psychiatrists and philosophers. As Hamlet is one of the most reflective Shakespeare’s plays, the†¦show more content†¦She had lost her mother, and has only a father and a brother, affectionate by worldly, to take care of her. To the persons in the play, she brings the thought of flowers. Laertes names her Rose of May, as he prays at her burial and the Queen murmurs Sweets to the sweet, as she scatters flowers on the grave. Some scholars believe that Ophelias name - which means succor in Greek, a seemingly inappropriate designation for so victimized a character - may have been used in error instead of Aphelia, meaning simplicity or innocence. Both names were rare in Shakespeares time. Ultimately, Ophelia’s insanity is the consequence of the actions of others, and she is unquestionably a victim of the tragic events that beset Denmark throughout the play. [5] Ophelia and male characters in â€Å"Hamlet† Ophelias affection for her brother is shown in two or three delicate strokes. Her love for her father is deep, though mingled with fear. For Hamlet she has, some say, no deep love - and perhaps she is so near childhood that old affections have still the strongest hold; but certainly she has given to Hamlet all the love which her nature is yet capable. Beyond these three beloved ones she seems to have eyes and ears for no one. Her existence is wrapped up in these three. On this childlike nature and on Ophelias inexperience everything depends. Her father and brother are jealously anxious for her because of her ignorance and innocence; and we resentShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Female Characters In Hamlet1347 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is a play about death, revenge, and love. Written by William Shakespeare, this play is famous around the world for its dramatic plot. The central theme of Hamlet is love. The story starts off with a Queen falling in love with the brother of her husband. The Queen decides to quickly marry the brother of her previous husband, when her previous husband suddenly dies. Her son (Prince Hamlet), who loves his biological father and disagrees with his mother’s quick decision to marry, is quite saddenedRead MoreThe Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet970 Words   |  4 Pagesplayed small roles in society in the past. In social, economical, and political standings. Therefore in Shakespeare’s Hamlet the women i n the play, their roles are not portrayed as important. The female characters in the play such as Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and Ophelia Hamlet’s lover are complicated, and very much opposite of one another. Although these are two different characters Shakespeare portrays them in a negative matter in their small roles. Their acceptance in the world, and their griefRead MoreThe Profound Impact Of Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet930 Words   |  4 PagesProfound Impact of Female Characters in Hamlet How much of an impact can the women in a man’s life have on his thoughts and actions? A mother is the first woman her son will come into contact with, and can skew her son’s image of women through her actions. A man’s significant other also has the ability to bring out the best in him, but can also become the target for his anger and stray emotions. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, although there are only two main female characters, both women†¯possessRead MoreWomen s Tragedy : Hamlet And King Lear1185 Words   |  5 PagesTinsley Anderson Dr. Pitchford ENGL 4037 24 November 2015 Women in Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Hamlet and King Lear While William Shakespeare’s Tragedies are well known for their violence, tragic heroes, and fatal flaws, the method in which Shakespeare portrays his female characters in a negative light is seldom expressed. The women of Shakespeare’s Tragedies are represented unfavorably, no matter if they are virtuous or evil. â€Å"Shakespeare’s plays are not lacking in women with positive human qualitiesRead MoreHamlet by Williams Shakespeare: The Women Hidden in the Shadows1154 Words   |  5 Pagesactions. The females in Hamlet, Ophelia and Gertrude, both play roles with little importance, which demonstrates the lack of independence present; causing these characters to solely rely of the main characters of the play— the men. Although Shakespeare often wrote tragedies, it is no secret that he kept a place in his heart for romance. The female roles in the play are emphasized as weak woman if they lack a companion, and therefore are helpless. Hamlet and Claudius, the main male characters of the playRead MoreFeminism in Hamlet1451 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Feminist Criticism and Its Integration in Hamlet† In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, many controversies arose from the text, one of which was feminism. Feminism in the most general of terms is known as the principle advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men. Feminism was a largely debated issue in the context of eighteenth century literature specific to many of Shakespeare’s texts. Feminist Criticism is similar in content but is more specific andRead MoreEssay about Ophelia: Harshly Criticized1027 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet, a tragedy written by William Shakespeare in the 16th century, has been subject to evaluation for centuries. Each character has been broken down and analyzed. The psychology of each character has been examined. Every relationship has been studied to find more answer surrounding the play. Harold Bloom and Sigmund Freud have examined it extensively. Scholars have dissected all parts of the play. One character that has recently been analyzed more and more i s Ophelia. She has been defended byRead MoreWomen ´s Role in Othello by William Shakespeare717 Words   |  3 Pagespermission of men to go about both action and idea. When conflict occurs between any male characters, the female character can be torn and forced to make a decision in which no matter the decision, she will be put in a bad view. When the demand for a woman to have allegiance to a man’s will and subsequently given no opinion or independent thought, this will undoubtedly drive any woman mad. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, both Ophelia and Gertrude, the women, are represented as lower than the men, expectedRead MoreGender Inequality In Hamlet1261 Words   |  6 PagesAs I perused through CNN, an article titled â€Å"Why China has so few female leaders† caught my attention. According to the article, The Baju Culture, discriminatory policy and the anti-feminism were the reasons China only had two female leaders. However, when observing the world trend, it seems many opportunities and resources are granted to women. Many articles of The New York Times reveal young women as being less dependent on men, higher achievers, ahead of men in education, receiving higher earningsRead MoreThe Great Prince Of Denmark, Hamlet, By William Shakespeare1487 Words   |  6 Pagescreated female characters who contradict the stereotypes of his time, impacting both the plot and surrounding characters of his plays. One of his most famous tragedies, Hamlet, revolves around the great prince of Denmark, Hamlet, who encounters the apparition of his deceased father, the former king. The ghost asks that Hamlet seeks revenge upon Claudius, his uncle and new father, for it was he who murdered him and seduced the queen, as a plan to gain top status in society. Faking madness, Hamlet strives

Should Prostitution Be Legal - 1292 Words

Legalize Prostitution A prostitute made plans with a man online to meet him and sell her wares. When they met, she asked to see the money. Instead of pulling out cash, he pulled out a knife and attempted to rape her. There was a brief struggle, and the man slashed her hand. She escaped and found shelter in a church while the pastor contacted the police. The person who assaulted the victim was sentenced to twenty-two years in prison (Riley, 2015). This is simply one of many cases of violence toward prostitutes. In this age where everyone feels that they are mistreated and discriminated against, prostitutes are one of the few groups that are truly mistreated. They are harassed simply because of their occupation, and this continues to happen due to the current legislation and attitude toward sex workers. Prostitution is often referred to as the oldest profession. However, sex workers are still struggling to receive recognition as legitimate working Americans. By outlawing prost itution, legislators greatly harm employed men and women who are doing their best to earn a living. If prostitution was legalized, working conditions would be improved, and prostitutes would be safer. Sex workers would not be afraid to contact the police if they were threatened or hurt, which would make them less of a target for violent people. This would be one way their working conditions would be bettered. Another positive impact of legalizing prostitution is that it could be made saferShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesShould prostitution be legal? Prostitution has been around for decades. Since 1780 BC the legalization of prostitution has been a controversial topic. Prostitution is the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money.† Prostitution. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Many claim that is one of the oldest professions. If this is one of the oldest professions why is it still illegal? So many people have different opinions on the issueRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many benefits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreProstitution: It Should Be Legal 1431 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the work of a prostitute: the act of having sex in exchange for money† (cite). Underneath this definition is one that follows as, â€Å"the use of a skill or ability in a way that is not appropriate or respectableâ €  (cite). Prostitution is a pressing matter in the United States and, as one can assume after reading the second definition given, implicated negatively throughout society. Many view this topic in an undesirable mannerRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution has existed in history since before most people can remember. In our time, prostitution is hotly debated as to whether it should be a professional working job, or whether it is immoral and oppressive to women. This debate has existed since the dawn of time, and there is still no clear answer. Society demands that police should stop certain illicit activities from happening in their neighborhoods, but should law enforcement be made to waste their time and effort to arrest those thatRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1157 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Prostitution in Brothels Throughout America When someone says prostitution, the first couple things that probably come to mind are grimy girls that have ruined their lives with drugs sitting on a couch cracked out with a man they just met. Prostitutes are looked at as whores who cannot sustain a real career so they are forced to sell their bodies for sex. The prostitution industry is essentially just like any other service industry. The worker charges his or her customer for a serviceRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prost itution is stillRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A human body is a temple; we should love it and respect it.† How often have we come across those people who sell their bodies, so-called temples and have been termed as â€Å"prostitutes?† Prostitution can be defined as the profession of getting involved in sexual activity with someone and to get paid back in return. Sex and sex-related issues have always been the matter to be hidden, and the civilized people are considered to be not speaking about it at all. Despite the fact, none can escape it ourRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1150 Words   |  5 Pagesgroup of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancement allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within the establishment and it is completely legal. Protection for working women should exist across the board, not justRead MoreProstitution Should Not Be Legal1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of prostitution, most of us will readily agree that it is wrong as it portrays a negative image on women. Where this agreement usually ends, however, it is whether or not it’s a negative outcome. Whereas some are convinced that prostitution should be legal, others maintain that it should stay illegal because of moral intuitions. I disagree that prostitution should be legalized because it’s a form of slavery. Here are many feminists would probably object that prostitution is an utterly

Critical analysis fight club movie Essay Example For Students

Critical analysis fight club movie Essay An example of this is in one of the beginning shots which uses the CGI animation and his narration to inform the viewer about the explosives and project mayhem which are yet to be explained. The narration in Fight Club is vital in pushing the film further on in terms of plot, because without it the audience would not have the required knowledge to fully comprehend what is happening. Throughout the film, CGI is heavily depended on to show things in a particular way, for example showing the explosives by going from a shot of Pitt and Norton through the buildings is another enhancement to add style, which has allowed Fight Club to be known as a greatly recognised film. Lighting and colour are also an important issue to analyse when trying to evaluate the meaning of a shot. A good example of the use of colour is in the sixth shot that was analysed in the breakdown with the CGI animation. Throughout the animation the filter effect changes, giving the shot a different coloured tint. This is noticeable when the shot changes from being outside where the shot has a dark blue/ grey tint to inside when the colour changes to a lighter yellow/ orange tint. Colour is useful to give more meaning to a shot, in this example the lighter yellow/ orange tint represents safety whereas all the shots inside with the explosives and in the room the two characters are, represent a danger which again can lead the audience to wander why the room where the two characters are is dangerous. Throughout the film, the only two filters used are the blue/ grey filter and the yellow/ orange filter; this is useful for viewers watching to help sustain a meaning throughout the film, not confusing them. Elements of style work more unconsciously, meaning is hidden and the interpretation deciphers and translates. (Gibbs Pye, 2005; 216) It is up to the viewer to figure out the meanings behind what is happening on the screen, it is also up to them whether or not they want to. Fight Club has a lot of meanings behind each aspect of what is shown on the screen to help enhance the film as a whole. The interpretations that can be taken away simply need to be viewed with an analytical eye to see how very dark the film can be at the same time attempting to address the issues raised with a lighter feel. I believe that the 10 shots that were analysed in the shot breakdown together are there to introduce the film by showing viewers part of the end of the story so that they will need to find out how it begins and ends using simple mise-en-scene alongside computer animation to impress. Bibliography Gibbs. J Pye. D (2005), Style and Meaning, Manchester, Manchester University press Dudley. A (1984) Concepts in film theory, Oxford, Oxford University press Fight Club, (1999), USA Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our University Degree Fine Art, Design Studies, Art History, Crafts section.

Shiyuan Li Essays (271 words) - Music, Classical Music,

Shiyuan Li Which Three famous people would I invite to dinner? If I ever had the opportunity to dine with Jay Chou, Green day, and Schubert, I would be beyond thrilled! Growing up I've listened to a lot of different music, but to me the one that would remind me of my heritage and home the most would be from Jay Chou. His music is expressive, lyrical, and poetic- all traits of Chinese music and style. I would ask him what inspired his music making and how he plans making music! I would tell him that his music has touched millions of Chinese teenagers growing up and that he has a lasting impact on our generation. One of the first American music I started listening to was Green Day. Their music is aggressively modern and a blast to listen to! It was rebellious and fun, and it really outlined my middle school to high school lifestyle. I would tell them that it was their music that inspired me to work with other talented musicians to play their music as well as bond together. Schubert is without a doubt my favorite classical composer. As a pianist, I've worked with many vocalist that do works of Shubert. His work inspires in me a desire to go behind the musical context and investigate on a more lyrical way, even if it is in a completely different language! Schubert is a crazy man and one can hear it from his music, the cold bloodiness and the craziness is overflowing!! It would be my dream to have dinner with these superstars!

The History and Invention of the Paperclip

The History and Invention of the Paperclip Historical references describe fastening papers together as early as the 13th century. During this time, people put ribbon through parallel incisions in the upper left-hand corner of pages. Later, people started to wax the ribbons to make them stronger and easier to undo and redo. This was the way people clipped papers together for the next six hundred years. In 1835, a New York physician named John Ireland Howe invented the machine for mass-producing straight pins, which then became a popular way to fasten papers together (although they were not originally designed for that purpose). Straight pins were designed to be used in sewing and tailoring, to temporally fasten cloth together. Johan Vaaler Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor with degrees in electronics, science, and mathematics, invented the paperclip in 1899. He received a patent for his design from Germany in 1899, as Norway had no patent laws at that time. Vaaler was an employee at a local invention office when he created the paperclip. He received an American patent in 1901. The patent abstract says, It consists of forming same of a spring material, such as a piece of wire, that is bent to a rectangular, triangular, or otherwise shaped hoop, the end parts of which wire piece form members or tongues lying side by side in contrary directions. Vaaler was the first person to patent a paperclip design, although other unpatented designs might have existed first. American inventor Cornelius J. Brosnan filed for an American patent for a paperclip in 1900. He called his invention the Konaclip. A History of Paperclips It was a company called the Gem Manufacturing Ltd. of England that first designed the double oval-shaped, standard paperclip. This familiar and famous paperclip  was and still is referred to as the Gem clip. William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut, patented a machine for making paperclips of the Gem design in 1899. The Gem paperclip was never patented. People have been re-inventing the paperclip over and over again. The designs that have been the most successful are the Gem with its double oval shape, the non-skid which held in place well, the ideal used for thick wads of paper, and the owl paperclip that does not get tangled up with other paperclips. World War II Protest During World War II, Norwegians were prohibited from wearing any buttons with the likeness or initials of their king on them. In protest, they started wearing paperclips, because paperclips were a Norwegian invention whose original function was to bind together. This was a protest against the Nazi occupation and wearing a paperclip could have gotten them arrested. Other Uses A paperclips metal wire can be easily unfolded. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most  CD-ROM  drives as an emergency eject should the power fail. Various  smartphones  require the use of a long, thin object such as a paperclip to eject the  SIM card. Paperclips can also be bent into a sometimes effective  lock-picking  device. Some types of  handcuffs  can be unfastened using paper clips.

Risk Management and Control Effectiveness Essay

Risk Management and Control Effectiveness - Essay Example This paper answers seven questions in relation to effectiveness of security technologies and methodology, risks related to them, additional controls, and access of technology within organizations. The administrative structure of the organization including relationship with the public promotes effective administration of information security. According to Fung (2004), management of information security ensures security of organizational information, systems infrastructure and data content being processed, accessed, managed and communicated to the public. The management is committed and actively supports information security at all levels. This has been clearly demonstrated through support for security initiatives by providing necessary resources for information systems security controls. Additionally, management commitment to information security has been witnessed through effort coordination, formulation and approval of relevant organization-wide security policy. There have been periodic reviews of the information security policy based on the organizational goals, objectives and technological development. The management has ensured appropriate planning and controls to new systems and infrastructure. Security activities are coordinated by staff representatives from different departments of the organization. The execution of security controls are in compliance with the information security and privacy policies. There are also coordinated efforts in the assessment of the implemented security controls and identification of vulnerabilities and recommendation of additional measures. These evaluations have been significant in identifying vulnerability changes, threats and attacks to both external and internal systems and recommendation of mitigation measures. The organization has continuously promoted trainings and security awareness to all stakeholders in the organization. The requirements for non-disclosure agreements and confidentiality reflect information

Macroeconomic Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macroeconomic Paper - Essay Example Homeowners increasingly use them to refinance and consolidate household debts when their credit scores fall in the wake of bankruptcy, high medical bills, or other setbacks. (Blanton). It is generally believed that the subprime borrowers emerge due to lack of the good credit history on their back and since there number grew historically therefore banks and financial institutions by spotting the opportunity started lending to them at higher interest rates due to the perceived risks involved in these subprime loans. Having defined what subprime mortgages are, this article has articulately put forward the theory of predictable surprise in order to discuss the clues which the economic trends in US suggested specially after the collapse of dot com companies during 1990s. Due to the lack of policy attention by the government especially FED, the lowered interest rates in the economy created an inflated housing markets which thrived on the equity cushion created through the artificial and speculative surge in the market. The consequences of such behavior helped create a predictable surprise in the economy. Article has further discussed the role of securitization and its impact on the economy as a whole. The securitization through financial derivatives produced the results which authors predicted in their theory of predictable surprises. With the advent of innovation into the financial industry, Financial Derivatives provided a very efficient and effective tool to the financial managers to effectively manage these kinds of risks. However, financial derivatives itself are considered as detrimental if their use is made in more superficial way. Banks, in order to recoup the lost liquidity drained into the subprime mortgage loans have securitized them against the payments and real estate properties offered as securities in those mortgage loans. The process of

Finland Case Essay Example for Free

Finland Case Essay Finland, the country of ice has been a major force in Formula 1 for the last two decades. A country with a population of about 5.3 million (0.44% of Indias population) has produced 3 F1 champions (Keke Rosberg, Mika Hakkinen, Kimi Raikkonen) and another 4 made it to F1 whereas India has had just a single entry i.e. Narain Karthikayen in all these years. Seems like automobile racing in Finland is just like cricket in India. It just runs in the veins of the Finns. The 1st Finnish driver to enter the formula1 racing scene was Leo Kinnunen. Kinnunen had a short stint in F1 which included just 6 races (1 start and 5 DNQs) and had no success in those. He raced for the team AAW Racing Team and used the Surtees TS16 car with the Cosworth V8 engine in it. The main reasons due to which Kinnunn couldnt succeed in F1 were that his car was underpowered than the other cars and also the team was not allowed to get the top quality tyres from the manufacturers. And at that point of time tyres played an immense role in the result of races in F1. During these 6 races the team faced technical difficulties in almost every race. And then due to lack of funding the team had to retire from F1 and thus also ending Leo Kinnunens carreer in F1. In all Kinnunen played a role of historic importance by being the last driver to wear the open-face helmets in F1. Next was Mikko Kozarowitzky in 1977. He had a blink and you will miss stint in F1 as he just raced a total of 2 races for RAM Racing Team with no successes. Unfortunately he broke his hand while trying to avoid an accident during practice session after which his racing team wanted him to try qualifying in the spare car with broken hand, which lead to spats between him and the team. Eventually he quit the team and retired from F1. Then came Keijo Erik Rosberg in 1978, popularly known as Keke Rosberg. He became the 1st Finnish driver to win the Formula 1 championship in 1982. Keke debuted in 1978 with the Theodore team and came in the limelight during his second race which he won under treacherous rainy conditions on the track. Rosberg was then signed by ATS in the same season but they car they provided was uncompetitive so he moved back to Theodore again. After that Keke had to move to Fittipiladi forcibly as his former team quit F1. 1981 was a lean period in which he did not score even a single point. Kekes career got a lifeline in 1982 when he was signed by Williams. He went on to win his 1st race this season and also went on to win the championship with 44 points. This was a season when no driver had won more than 1 race and the time when Ferrari were facing problems with their car. Rosberg moved to Mclaren in the 1986 season but was given an underpowered car compared to his team mate Alain Prost. He retired soon after the season from F1 as the accident of one his friend(Elio Di Angelis) deeply affected him. Mika Hakkinen joined F1 in 1991. He joined the Lotus team and scored his 1st points in his third race for the team. He joined Mclaren as a test driver 1993 with the hopes that some day he would be promoted to be their race driver. He got his chance soon enough when one of the Mclarens racers left the team. He had a nice debut in which he almost beat Ayrton Senna, his team mate. But this dream start for Mclaren was not to be as he went into the pit wall while trying too hard. He came 2nd in his second race for Mclaren. When Senna left Mclaren in 1994, Mika became their main driver and went on to race for the team till his retirement in 2001. In all these years he won 2 championships for Mclaren during the year 1998 and 1999. He won a total of 20 races in his career. The most by any Finn till date and is the most successful Finnish driver till now in F1. He could have been more succesful has Mclaren got a better car in the year of 1995 and 1996.He is currently an ambassador for the Drink Responsibly campaign by Johnny Walker. Mika Salo was racing along side while Hakkinen was racing for Mclaren. He too started with Lotus in 1994 but raced only the last race that season. But when Lotus did not return for the next season, he moved on to Tyrell for the next 3 years where he scored points some times. He then joined Arrows in 1998 but he didnt race for the team full time in 1999. Salo was selected as a subsitute driver for Schumacher in 1999 during the time when Schumi was injured. He then showed his potential in a better car. He almost won his 1st race while being at Ferrari but was asked to give way to team-mate Eddie Irvine by the Ferrari team as he had chance of winning the championship. Eddie in turn gifted the trophy to him for his gesture. Salo then raced for Sauber and Toyota and eventually quit F1 in 2002 after he was fired by toyota for not giving results. Kimi Raikkonen, popularly known as the Iceman is another great Finnish F1 driver. He started his career with Sauber in 2001. Being relatively inexperienced there were concerns whether he should be granted the super license. But Kimi won his 1st points in his very 1st race. He then moved on to Mclaren in 2002 to take the seat that was left vacant when his fellow countryman Mika retired. He went on to race for Mclaren till 2006 but he did not have much success as he faced a lot of technical failures with the team. But he did win his 1st race in 2003. And went on to be second in the drivers championships in the year 2003 and 2005. Kimi then shifted to Ferrari in 2007 to take the place of Micheal Schumacher and he also became the highest paid F1 driver in the process. He won his 1st Championship in 2007 with Ferrari and raced for them till 2009. After that his contract was not renewed by Ferrari and he has taken a break from F1 for the time being and will be racing in the World Rally championships for the Citroen team. The latest Finn in F1 is Heikki Kovalainen. He started his F1 career in the year 2004 and became the test driver for Renault. He did the testing duties till 2006 and was eventually promoted in the year 2007 to be the race driver for the team. He had a mixed start to his racing career and he finished the season at 7th place with 30 points that year with the record of finishing most number of consecutive races(16) from the start of his career. The next year as Mclaren had problems with Alonso they signed Heikki as their driver. This seemed to be a major boost to his career. In 2008 he set fire on the track as he set the fastest laps of the race at almost every track that year. But he could not convert these into victories but he had his 1st victory that year at Hungary. The year 2009 was a disappointment. The car faced a lot of problems in the starting. KERS was being deployed for the 1st time and overall he could not perform up to his potential. With Lotus F1 coming back to the F1 scene and confirming Heikki as their driver for next year a lot is expected from him. Lets see what this Finn does next year and can he become the fourth Finnish driver to win the F1 TITLE.

Snap Shot of a Dog Essay -- English Literature Essays

Snap Shot of a Dog James Thurber is a famous and popular American writer and artist. His humorous prose and drawing are never gay because the enthusiasm is dampened by melancholy. His fantastic characters are mostly animals whose balance of life is distorted and disturbed by a malignant fate. ‘Snap Shot of a Dog’ is taken from THE THURBER CARNIVAL which contains his most impressive work. Many of his writings and drawings deal with dogs. He understands them and he has the gist of being able to communicate his understanding to the reader. This piece is typical of Thurber. It is both humorous and serious as his writings usually are. The story flows along easily and smoothly and the reader has the impression that the writer is talking to him. The writer looks upon the dog sympathetically and at times affectionately. Rex was the name of the author’s pet dog. He was no doubt a dog of his own type who was fond of adventures. This account is as such written objectively. The dog has been dead long ago. The memory of the dog is still fresh in the mind of writer when he wrote this story. Rex was a bull terrier. He has a strong built. Indeed he was a beauty. The writer and his two brothers loved it dearly. He was a faithful dog and carried out all the orders of his maters. There was nothing impossible in his world. The writer describes certain qualities of his pet. Though he was strong and pugnacious yet he never started the fight. He had a gentle nature. He never bit anybo...

Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance in Offshore Development Enterprises in Sri Lanka

EFFECTIVENESS OF SOFTWARE QUALITY ASSURANCE IN OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT ENTERPRISES IN SRI LANKA Malinda Sirisena, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Moratuwa. ABSTRACT The aim of the research described in this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of software quality assurance approaches of Sri Lankan offshore software development organizations, and to propose a framework which could be used across all offshore software development organizations. An empirical study was conducted using derived framework from popular software quality evaluation models.The research instrument employed was a questionnaire survey among thirty seven Sri Lankan registered offshore software development organizations. The findings demonstrate a positive view of Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance – the stronger predictors of Stability, Installability, Correctness, Testability and Changeability. The present study’s recommendations indicate a need for much emphasis on software quality assurance for the Sri Lankan offshore software development organizations. Keywords: Software Quality Assurance (SQA), Offshore Software Development, Quality Assurance Evaluation Models, Effectiveness of Quality Assurance. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Software Quality Assurance (QA) plays a major role in successful implementation and maintenance of a software project. In many organizations, QA has been simply traded-off to project cost [1]. The motivation of this research is to highlight the value of Software Quality Assurance against the economic cost. The IEEE standard ANSI/IEEE 730-2002 defines software quality assurance as â€Å"a planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that the software conforms to established technical requirements†[2].QA is not only holding a direct relationship of meeting customer satisfaction, but it has a very high impact on project schedules and cost. Failing to pay attention is often resu lted in budget overruns and schedule delays [3]. Software Quality Assurance has paid back in many industries such as telecommunication, health, travel, law, hospital, government and schools in many American organizations. †¢ A system of teaching hospitals conservatively estimates $17. 8 million saved on an investment of $2. 5 million in quality management over a five-year time period. The University of Pennsylvania saved more than $60,000 a year from one project focused on reducing mailing cost. †¢ The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reduced the time needed to produce the monthly Consumer Price Index (CPI), compiled by 650 people in five departments, by 33 percent with no loss in accuracy. [4] Even in Sri Lankan software engineering companies, have been recognized QA as an important element. In 2005, Affno (www. affno. lk) has won the National Best Quality Software Gold Award for their product – eTender, which developed for Sri Lanka Telecom to automate their tende ring process [5]. 2 THEORETICAL BASE OF THE STUDY 2. WHAT IS SOFTWARE QUALITY The IEEE standard ANSI/IEEE 730-2002 defines software quality assurance as â€Å"a planned and systematic pattern of all actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that the software conforms to established technical requirements†[2]. By going down the path of IEEE definition, there are two major camps when defining software quality[6]: 1. Conformance to specification: quality defines in terms of the level which the product or service meets its’ written specifications. 2. Meeting customer needs: meeting customer’s explicit or implicit needs, irrespective of any measurable product or service characteristics.Currently software quality assurance is measured in two ways: from technical perspective and from user perspective[7]. In the technical perspective of measuring software quality is based on specifications. Developers measure quality and ensure specifications in terms of errors i n code through testing process and through other mechanisms such as formal specifications, structured programming[8]. End-user perspective of software quality is measured through user experience to denote how well software meets user expectations. User dissatisfactions do not necessarily be resulting from failure to meet specifications or coding errors. . 2 SOFTWARE QUALITY MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHIES This section of the literature presents different philosophies of quality from view points of quality management gurus. These quality management philosophies could be a good alternative to formalized quality models which the research is going to based on. Quality management requires customer satisfaction, prefers prevention to inspection, and recognizes management responsibility for quality[9]. 2. 2. 1 DEMING AND FOURTEEN POINTS FOR MANAGEMENT Walter Edward Deming defines quality in terms of customer satisfaction[10].Customer satisfaction is beyond conformance to specifications. According to Deming, the judge of quality should be the end user or the customer. Deming argues that management system should implement in a way that everyone in the organization to be responsible for quality of their output to the internal stakeholders. He introduced fourteen points for management for people to understand and implement necessary quality transformation[10]: 1. Create constancy of purpose for improvement of product and service: Stay in business and provide jobs through innovation, research, constant improvement and maintenance. 2.Adopt the new philosophy: For the new economic age, management needs to take leadership for change into a learning organization. 3. Cease dependence on mass inspection: Eliminate the need for mass inspection by building quality into the product. 4. End awarding business on price: Aim at minimum total cost and move towards single suppliers. 5. Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service: Improvement is not a one-time effort. Man agement is obligated to continually look for ways to reduce waste and improve quality. 6. Institute training: Workers should be trained properly on their jobs. . Institute leadership: Leading shall consist of helping people to do a better job and to learn by objective methods. 8. Drive out fear: To assure better quality and productivity, people feel secure. 9. Break down barriers between departments: Team work culture across departments. 10. Eliminate slogans, exhortations and numerical targets: Let workers formulate their own slogans. Then they will be committed to the contents. 11. Eliminate numerical quotas or work standards: Quotas take into account only numbers, not quality or methods. They are usually a guarantee of inefficiency and high cost.A person, in order to hold a job, will try to meet a quota at any cost, including doing damage to the company. 12. Remove barriers to taking pride in workmanship: People are eager to do a good job and distressed when they cannot. 13. Inst itute a vigorous programme of education: Both management and the work force will have to be educated in the new knowledge and understanding, including teamwork and statistical techniques. 14. Take action to accomplish the transformation: It will require a special top management team with a plan of action to carry out the quality mission.A critical mass of people in the company must understand the 14 points. 2. 2. 2 JURAN AND THE IMPORTANCE OF TOP MANAGEMENT COMMITMENT TO QUALITY Joseph M Juran proposes two meanings to quality[11]: 1. Quality consists of those product features which meet the need of customers and thereby provide product satisfaction. 2. Quality consists of freedom from deficiencies. In the handbook Juran propose quality as â€Å"fitness for use† rather than â€Å"meeting customer needs† he argues that it is not a feasible task to meet customer need. His view is much closer to the thought – â€Å"conformance to specifications†.Juran propose s three fundamental managerial processes for the task of managing quality. The three elements of the Juran Trilogy are[11]: 1. Quality planning: A process that identifies the customers, their requirements, the product and service features that customers expect, and the processes that will deliver those products and services with the correct attributes and then facilitates the transfer of this knowledge to the producing arm of the organization. 2. Quality control: A process in which the product is examined and evaluated against the original requirements expressed by the customer. Problems detected are then corrected. . Quality improvement: A process in which the sustaining mechanisms are put in place so that quality can be achieved on a continuous basis. This includes allocating resources, assigning people to pursue quality projects, training those involved in pursuing projects, and in general establishing a permanent structure to pursue quality and maintain the gains secured. 2. 2. 3 CROSBY AND STRIVING FOR ZERO DEFECTS Philip B Crosby is a â€Å"conformance to specification† adherer. Crosby summarizes his perspective on quality in fourteen steps that is built around four fundamental â€Å"absolutes† of quality management[12]: 1.Quality is defined as conformance to requirements, not as â€Å"goodness† or â€Å"elegance† 2. The system for causing quality is prevention, not appraisal. That is, the quality system for suppliers attempting to meet customers' requirements is to do it right the first time. Crosby is a strong advocate of prevention, not inspection. In a Crosby oriented quality organization everyone has the responsibility for his or her own work. There is no one else to catch errors. 3. The performance standard must be Zero Defects, not â€Å"that's close enough†. Crosby has advocated the notion that zero errors can and should be a target. . The measurement of quality is the cost of quality. Costs of imperfection, if corrected, have an immediate beneficial effect on bottom-line performance as well as on customer relations. 2. 2. 4 ISHIKAWA AND FISHBONE DIAGRAM Kaoru Ishikawa defines quality as â€Å"meeting customer needs†[13]. He further argues that no specific quality standard could ever define and following them does not meet the expected quality levels. According to Ishikawa, quality is a very broad concept which goes beyond product, service, process, information quality, etc.He introduced quality circles through Fishbone diagrams. 2. 2. 5 FEIGENBAUM AND TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL Armand Vallin Feigenbaum built his thought around â€Å"total quality control†[14]. Feigenbaum states that quality is a dynamic factor which must be defined in terms of customer experiences. He further states that quality should satisfy customers’ explicit and implicit needs[14]. 2. 3 SOFTWARE QUALITY MODELS Previous section focus on different view points of quality management gurus. These points wi ll be helpful in solving common quality management problems in Sri Lankan, offshore enterprises.Quality management philosophies presented in the previous section represent flexible and qualitative view of quality; this section will present a rigid and quantitative[15] quality structure, which will be a roadmap of identifying independent variables for current study. 2. 3. 1 MCCALL’S QUALITY MODEL Jim McCall’s quality model is primarily aimed towards the system developers and development process, however he has tried to bridge the gap between users and developers by focusing on number of quality factors, considering both user’s and developer’s priorities[16, 17].The quality model is organized around three quality characteristics[16]: Figure 1: McCall’s quality model organized around three types of quality characteristics McCall’s model furthermore elaborated with a hierarchy of factors, criteria and metrics around the three types of major pers pectives. Figure 2: McCall’s quality model Eleven factors on the left-hand side of the model represent the external view of quality as viewed by end users. These eleven factors attribute to twenty three quality criteria, which describe the internal view of software. The evaluation is done by answering each quality criteria with â€Å"yes† and â€Å"no†.Finally the quality level is derived as a percentage based on the responses received as â€Å"yes†. 2. 3. 2 BOEHM’S QUALITY MODEL Barry W Boehm’s model has similarities to McCall’s model. His qualitative approach of defining quality stems from three levels in the hierarchy, which ends with primitive characteristics[18]. These primitive characteristics individually contribute to the overall quality level. Figure 3: Boehm's software quality characteristics tree[19]. Quality measurement is carried out through extent or degree to which the product or service achieves each characteristic[19] . 2. 3. 3 ISO 9126Among the ISO 9000 series of quality standards, ISO has released the ISO 9126: Software Product Evaluation[20]. Figure 4: The ISO 9126 quality model [20]. ISO further proposes quality characteristics/guidelines to evaluate the above six areas of importance. Figure 5: ISO 9126 quality attributes Each quality factor/ six areas of importance is represented by sub-factors as depicted in the above diagram. Details of each selected attribute will be discussed in the next chapter. 3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This chapter elaborates how the conceptual framework for the study has been derived through the existing work identified in the literature review. . 1 EXISTING WORK Since the study is on evaluating software quality from software developing organization’s view, it is necessary to filter down the quality attributes discovered in the literature, only to represent developer view of software quality. Therefore it has been decided to take the union of developer related qu ality attributes from all three popular models referred in the previous chapter. It is not an easy task to differentiate developer oriented quality attributes from user oriented attributes as quality classifications are different from each model and some attributes are subjective to their multiple definitions.For a consistent interpretation of the quality attributes, the definitions of attributes have been used according to Software Engineering Institute’s (SEI) Software Technology Roadmap glossary[23] and ISO 9126[24] definitions. 3. 1. 1 DEVELOPER ORIENTED ATTRIBUTES FROM MCCALL’S MODEL McCall’s model mainly goes hand in hand with external quality factors. Following are the quality attributes extracted from McCall model, which are related to developer related quality based on SEI definitions. Selected Attribute Maintainability SEI Definition[23] â€Å"The ease with which a software system or component can be odified to correct faults, improve performance, or other attributes, or adapt to a changed environment. † â€Å"The degree to which a system or component facilitates the establishment of test criteria and the performance of tests to determine whether those criteria have been met. † â€Å"The ease with which a system or component can be modified for use in applications or environments other than those for which it was specifically designed. † â€Å"The ease with which a system or component can be transferred from one hardware or software environment to another. â€Å"The degree to which a software module or other work product can be used in more than one computing program or software system. † â€Å"The ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged. † Testability Flexibility Portability Reusability Interoperability Table 1: Developer related quality attributes from McCall’s model 3. 1. 2 ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES FROM BOEHM ’S MODEL Boehm’s model, which has put the utility perspective in terms of quality, is much similar to McCall’s model.After evaluating definitions, following two attributes were added to the list. Selected Attribute Understandability Modifiability SEI Definition[23] â€Å"The degree to which the purpose of the system or component is clear to the evaluator. † â€Å"The degree to which a system or component facilitates the incorporation of changes, once the nature of the desired change has been determined. † Table 2: Additional developer related quality attributes from Boehm’s model 3. 1. 3 ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES FROM ISO 9126 Following are sub-attributes taken from the ISO 9126 definitions.Selected Attribute Analyzability ISO Definition[24] â€Å"The capability of the software product to be diagnosed for deficiencies or causes of failures in the software, or for the parts to be modified to be identified. † â€Å"The capability of the so ftware product to enable a specified modification to be implemented. † â€Å"The capability of the software product to avoid unexpected effects from modifications of the software. † â€Å"The capability of the software product to be adapted for different specified environments without applying actions or means other than those provided for this purpose for the software considered. â€Å"The capability of the software product to be installed in a specified environment. † â€Å"The capability of the software product to co-exist with other independent software in a common environment sharing common resources. † Changeability Stability Adaptability Installability Co-existence Replaceability â€Å"The capability of the software product to be used in place of another specified software product for the same purpose in the same environment. † Table 3: Additional developer related quality attributes from ISO 9126 model 3. 1. 4 FINAL ATTRIBUTE LISTAfter anal yzing the above mentioned attribute lists and completing the preliminary studies, the list could filter down to the following for the current study. 1. Correctness 2. Testability 3. Changeability 4. Stability 5. Installability In the following sections, each of above attribute will be discussed in terms of their quality characteristics. 3. 1. 4. 1 CORRECTNESS SEI defines correctness as â€Å"The degree to which a system or component is free from faults in its specification, design, and implementation†[23]. McCall attributes correctness through[16]: †¢ †¢ †¢ Traceability Completeness ConsistencyThrough traceability, it makes possible to know the relationships of each module or component and thereby higher confidence states correctness. Completeness assures that there are no parts left in terms in executing a function of a system or a procedure; thereby 100% completeness ratio guarantees correctness. Inconsistent systems or functions will lead to higher error pro bability; therefore it is a part of correctness. Through the initial discussions with some key personnel, it was revealed that these characteristics are equally hard to reach to achieve Correctness. . 1. 4. 2 TESTABILITY SEI defines testability as â€Å"The degree to which a system or component facilitates the establishment of test criteria and the performance of tests to determine whether those criteria have been met†[23]. Both McCall and Boehm have attributed testability to quality assurance on following characteristics[16, 18]: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Simplicity Instrumentation Self-descriptiveness Modularity and structuredness Accountability Accessibility Communicativeness. Simplicity of applications will make easier in testing comparatively to complex applications.Instrumentation makes possible to put probes in the system in order to deduce test data. Self-descriptive systems have inbuilt help or system documentation which will be sufficie nt to understand the system by going through. Modularity helps in isolating system tests which structuredness denotes consistent organization of the system. Accountability on system for which it is possible to measure the usage of the code[19]. Such measurements are typically covered by debugging tools, which exist specifically for programming languages. Accessibility of a system allows usage of its parts in a selective manner[19].This allows in creating flexible test scenarios. Through communicativeness, systems make easier to understand inputs and output, which makes easier to compose test cases. 3. 1. 4. 3 CHANGEABILITY ISO defines changeability as â€Å"The capability of the software product to enable a specified modification to be implemented†[24]. Changeability is an attribute defined in ISO 9126 and lacks supporting characteristic definitions. However changeability could be achieved through: †¢ Aiming simple solution rather than complicated systems as by nature si mple applications are easier to change. Low coupling of individual modules of a system as lower interactions make easier to change individual components. †¢ Designing the systems change in mind from the beginning while keeping application evolution. 3. 1. 4. 4 STABILITY ISO defines stability as â€Å"The capability of the software product to avoid unexpected effects from modifications of the software†[24]. Therefore stability in this context does not denote the ability of the system to show stable behavior when used. However, if modification often results in unexpected behavior, there will be a high impact on stability.Stability is directly influenced by Changeability. Low changeability is likely to show low stability. This will depict the fact that, trying to change a low changeable system will lead to a greater risk of instability. 3. 1. 4. 5 INSTALLABILITY ISO defines Installability as â€Å"The capability of the software product to be installed in a specified enviro nment†[24]. Installability requirements are generally specified in the form of an installation process. The target environment in this case will have to be known at the development time.Installability is measured as a percentage exercised of the total specified Installability requirements. In the Sri Lankan context, Installability is commonly referred as Deployability. 3. 1. 5 RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIABLES Having identified the variables and attributes, it had been decided to limit the study to following variables, after interviewing key quality assurance personnel in target organizations. Based on their arguments, on applicability to offshore organizations, the best suited variables have been selected for the study. Dependent Variable: Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance Independent Variables: . Correctness a. Completeness b. Consistency 2. Testability a. Simplicity b. Modularity c. Structuredness 3. Changeability a. Simplicity b. Coupling 4. Stability a. Changeability 5 . Installability Having identified the variables, following relationships have been derived based on the reviewed literature in the previous section. Correctness Testability Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance Changeability Stability Installability Independent Variables Figure 6: Schematic diagram for conceptual framework Dependent Variable 3. 2 HYPOTHESES FORMULATEDIn order to statistically test the derived conceptual framework, following hypotheses have been formulated. Since the study is targeted to test each independent variable separately, hypotheses also have been formulated independently to each independent variable. H01: there is no relationship between the Correctness of software developed and released to QA team), on the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. HA1: the greater the Correctness of software developed and delivered to QA team, the higher the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach.H02: there is no relationship between the Tes tability of software developed and released to QA team, on the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. HA2: the greater the Testability of software developed and delivered to QA team, the higher the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. H03: there is no relationship between the Changeability of software developed and released to QA team, on the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. HA3: the greater the Changeability of software developed and delivered to QA team, the higher the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach.H04: there is no relationship between the Stability of software developed and released to QA team, on the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. HA4: the greater the Stability of software developed and delivered to QA team, the higher the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. H05: there is no relationship between the Installability of software developed and released to QA team, on the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. HA5: the greater the Installability of software developed and delivered to QA team, the higher the effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design will outline the roadmap of achieving the research objectives thorough the identified variables and theoretical framework. Details of study Purpose of the study Type of investigation Extent of researcher interface Minimal: studying events as they normally occur and defining a framework Study setting Measurement Measurement and measures Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance in Emerging Offshore Development Enterprises in Sri Lanka Descriptive: quality evaluation framework Hypothesis testing: to validate the evaluation frameworkCorrelation: study of correlations to effectiveness against evaluation factors Noncontrived: study in real business environment Quality factors and their applicability through quality matrices and Likert scales Data analysis 1. Classification of data 2. Goodness of data Unit of analysis Sampling design Time horizon Data collection method 3. Hypotheses testing Individuals based on job categories in Offshoring organizations Judgmental sampling of individual in the entire population of offshore enterprises Crosssectional Interviews, Questionnaires, Observations Figure 7: The research design 4. 1 TYPE AND NATURE OF THE STUDYThe study was an empirical study through analysis of responses to the questionnaires which was formulated through the conceptual framework. 4. 2 DATA COLLECTION METHODS Since the study is on offshore software development organizations, it has been decided to collect data from all registered companies in Software Exporters Association Sri Lanka and seven other offshore software development organizations in Sri Lanka. There were forty seven registered members as of first August, 2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the key quality assurance person or to the most senior quality assurance person in each organization. . 2. 1 QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN A structured questionnaire was used to gather responses apart from the preliminary interviews. The questionnaire is divided in to four main sections. Section one has eleven questions, capturing organizational demographics of the responder. Section two has six questions, to capture responder’s personal demographics. Section three is the main section of the questionnaire which captures organizations’ software quality assurance, project specific demographics and responses to test the conceptual framework. Section four is targeted to capture additional information for the conceptual framework. RESULTS OF DATA ANALYSIS Responses received had been categorized to qualitative data and quantitative data. Qualitative data had been used to understand the responder’s and company background. Quantitative responses, where the scale data is measured have been assigned scores as per following table for statisti cal analysis. Response Selected Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Score Assigned 1 2 3 4 5 Table 5: Rates given for questionnaire responses Each response was individually assessed to ensure data validity and integrity.Incomplete responses have been followed up with the responder with available contact information and have been able to complete in many instances. For the blank responses, score three was assigned in case the question is not applicable to the responder’s organization. Following summary shows the statistics of the questionnaire distribution and responses received. Number of Organizations that Questionnaire had been sent 47 SEA registered companies + 7 other offshore companies Total Responses Received 39 Invalid / Unusable 2 Number of Valid Responses 37Table 6: Statistics of questionnaire distribution responses received 5. 1 PILOT STUDY To test the primary data a pilot study was run among fourteen Quality Assurance Engineers at an offshore so ftware development organization, using a draft questionnaire. On the scale of reliability in order to treat results with credibility[25] and the internal consistency of the draft questionnaire, was checked by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The alpha coefficient should be above . 7 for the scale to be reliable[26]. The overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was . 81, thus the questionnaire was considered to have a good internal consistency and suitable for collecting the data for the main study. Details of Cronbach’s alpha are discussed under Analysis of Reliability Section, below. 5. 2 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS All thirty seven organizations selected as valid responses are exporting software. 89. 19% of the selected organizations are locally owned while 10. 81% of organizations which are in Sri Lankan operation are owned by foreign parties. 64. 86% of the target organizations are project based companies while 21. 2% of the organizations focus only on their own pro ducts. However 13. 51% of the organizations undertake client projects while they market their own products. 10 8 No. of Organizations 6 4 2 0 1. 00 2. 00 3. 00 4. 00 5. 00 6. 00 7. 00 8. 00 12. 00 14. 00 No. of years in Sri Lankan Operation Figure 8: Analysis of organizations against number of years in operation According to the above graph, most of the Sri Lankan offshore organizations under the current study have started their operation two years before. 75. 68% of the responders were males and the balance 24. 32% were females.The average age of responders was 30. 11 years. On an average, they posses one year of experience in their current position in the respective organizations. The following chart represents the education level of responders. 30 25 20 Count 15 10 5 0 Non IT Graduate IT/Comp. Science Post Graduate Graduate Deploma MSc/MBA/Post Graduate Degree Other Education Level Figure 9: Education level of responders Majority of quality assurance heads in the target organizat ions posses Information Technology or a Computer Science degree. 3. 03% Little Early 9. 09% On Time 24. 24% Too Delayed 3. 64% Little Delayed Figure 10: Project completion against estimates Responders were asked to select a completed project/product when they responded to part 3 of the questionnaire. The above pie chart highlights the project/product completion time against the estimates of the selected projects by the responders. From the selected projects/products, majority have been completed with a little delay from the estimates. Mean and the variance are calculated for each question under each independent variable and the dependent variable through the assigned scores as per Table 5.Question No. Question Mean Variance Effectiveness of Software Quality Assurance 18 19 20 21 22 23 Software QA is a very important discipline in our organization Without QA our products/services will not meet current level of customer satisfaction Our Software QA approach/practice helps us in winnin g new businesses Our organization has adequate number of QA Human Resources Our organization has invested enough in Software QA tools Our Software Development or any other Process has considered QA as a major practice 3. 622 4. 081 3. 811 3. 919 3. 514 3. 865 0. 686 0. 99 0. 658 0. 465 0. 812 0. 842 Correctness 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 â€Å"If the systems or components we deliver meet specifications to 100%†, we can say that it’s a high quality factor Systems or components we deliver, always met specifications Uniformity of functionality/operations/navigation of the designed system always contributed to high quality System maintained Uniformity of functionality/operations/navigation across individual functions If a function of a system, completes its execution without in between failures, we can say it is a high quality factor.Our systems do not fail in executing a function or procedure to its completion Our QA team measures our systems, whether they meet specifications o r not 3. 703 3. 568 3. 703 3. 324 3. 243 3. 243 4. 108 0. 604 1. 141 0. 715 1. 003 0. 745 0. 634 0. 544Testability 37 If all functionality/operations/navigation of systems could be tested enough, then we can say it denotes high quality All the functionality/operations/navigation of our systems are properly being tested by our QA team Even the complex operations of our systems are represented by simple user interactions in order to make applications simple and user friendly Our applications are decomposed in to manageable modules in implementation in a practical manner Consistent organization of modules/code are evident in our applications Our QA team measures or put emphasis on testability (Simplicity, Modularity, structuredness) of applications during the QA cycle 4. 595 0. 303 38 4. 514 0. 312 39 4. 297 0. 270 40 3. 946 0. 330 41 3. 838 0. 417 42 4. 432 0. 308 Changeability 43 If a product allows a specified modification to be implemented without much difficulty, then we can say i t denotes a high quality factor Our systems do not need much effort to accommodate minor specification changes (i. e.Adding a new field to a form) at implementation or quality assurance stage Our systems maintain low interactions between individual modules, therefore it is easier to change individual components without affecting others Our QA team measures put much emphasis to test changeability and stability of systems during the QA cycle 4. 000 0. 111 45 3. 946 0. 164 46 3. 838 0. 251 48 3. 919 0. 299 Stability 44 If the systems avoid unexpected effects after modifications, it denotes a high quality or it’s a high quality factor After the design changes done to one module, our systems have very few side effects to other modules Our QA team measures put much emphasis to test changeability and stability of systems during the QA cycle 3. 595 . 359 47 3. 703 0. 437 48 3. 919 0. 299 Installability 49 If the system could be installed in a specified environment without challenges, it denotes high quality or it can be considered as a high quality factor Our systems do not get challenged during the installation in the agreed/specified environment Our QA team measures Installability of systems they test 3. 568 0. 863 50 3. 162 3. 541 0. 862 1. 311 51 Table 7: Means and variances of questions Frequency distributions of responses to each of above questions have been presented in Appendix 2. 5. 3 SECONDARY RESULTS ANALYSIS Primary data is further analyzed to derive more meaningful results.For statistical analysis, the ratings gathered through individual questions were summed up to derive scores for individual independent variables. Variable = sum of marks for relevant questions I. e. Correctness = Q30 + Q31 + Q32 + Q33 + Q34 + Q35 + Q36 Sample Mean, where, n = sample size, and = scores Sample Variance, Standard Deviation, Following table illustrates the statistics of independent variables, which denotes the effectiveness of quality assurance. Standard Deviation 0. 569 0. 552 0. 422 0. 327 0. 445 0. 752 Variable Effectiveness of QA Correctness Testability Changeability Stability Installability Mean 3. 802 3. 556 4. 270 3. 926 3. 739 3. 423 Variance 0. 324 0. 305 0. 178 0. 107 0. 198 0. 566Table 8: Basic statistics of independent variables and the dependent variable Following is the graphical illustration of above statistics. 4. 500 4. 000 3. 500 3. 000 2. 500 2. 000 1. 500 1. 000 0. 500 0. 000 Mean Variance Std. Div. Figure 11: Basic statistics of independent variables According to the above illustration, Testability contributes to QA effectiveness most while Changeability remains at the second position. Installability was rated as of least significant to the QA Effectiveness in the subject domain. 5. 3. 1 ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY OF DATA Cronbach’s alpha measure is used to determine how well the target independent variables measure single, unidimensional QA Effectiveness latent construct.Cronbach's alpha can be written as a function of the number of test items AND the average inter-correlation among the items. N where, N = number of items and = inter-item correlation among items. Cronbach's Alpha Based on Cronbach's Standardized Alpha ( Items . 912 . 918 Table 9: Reliability statistics N of Items 28 Cronbach’s alpha for all twenty eight questions is 0. 912, which denotes that the collected data is acceptable for the research. 5. 4 HYPOTHESES TESTING Analysis had been done to test each set of hypothesis to find out whether there are relationships defined through the hypotheses exist among independent variables and the dependent variable.The correlations between the factors hypothesized to effectiveness of quality assurance shown in the following table: Set of Hypothesis/Independent Variable H1:Correctness H2:Testability H3:Changeability H4:Stability H5:Installability ** Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). Pearson Correlation/ Effectiveness of QA . 678** . 589** . 559** . 728** . 613** Sig. (2-tailed) . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 . 000 Table 11: Correlations between hypotheses for quality assurance Hypothesis H1: According to Hypothesis H01, Correctness which is influenced by Consistency and Completeness has a positive relationship to effectiveness of software quality assurance approach. Since this hypothesis is supported by the data analysis (Sig. value was . 000, p

Essay Chang-rae Lees novel A Gesture Life - 1117 Words

Chang-rae lee, in A Gesture Life, pictures a Japanese immigrant named Franklin Hata. Hata have been seeking assimilation into the American society. To become part of the society, Hata tries to become the perfect citizen in the society, a mascot who everyone knows and respects. To further his assimilation, he tries to complete the picture of a whole and healthy family as many ideal Americans. Through adapting Sunny, Hata wants to assimilate through a parental figure. Through parental figure that is caring, a good parent and good heritage, supremely suggesting that a parent that is successful in all is a parent that is successful in society. But Sunny plays a different character in his life, a character that alters Hatas idea as she is a†¦show more content†¦Sunny cant be the innocent symbol of benevolence and discipline related as Hata wanted. Almost a year after Sunny left Hatas home and moved to the city to live with her boyfriend, Lincoln Evans, Sunny contacts Hata because she is pregnant and she needs help. This difficulty is another instance of Hatas desperate wish to gain control of his own life by policing the bodies of women. Sunny is not only pregnant, but near full-term and Hata finds himself taken back by the broad, curving shape of her. Although anyone else would have thought that she was too long with the child, that it was much too late, that there was nothing left to do(p.339), Hata not only arranges an illegal abortion for Sunny but also assists the physician, whose nurse would likely not agree to assist such a procedure(p.343). What Hata wishes to prevent in this instance is to breed miscegenation and keep his reputation. For Sunny wants to ensure the success of Hatas assimilation, the racial makeup of her future children is essential to his success. Hata